Scantron results from Midterm 2
Here are the answers to the scantron portion of the exam. Scores will be released later this week when the short answers have been graded and are available online.
| Question | Ver A | Ver B | Type | Difficulty |
| 1 | (version) | (version) | | |
| 2 | E | D | Memorization | |
| 3 | C | A | Integration | |
| 4 | A | D | M | |
| 5 | C | C | M | |
| 6 | A | B | M | |
| 7 | B | D | M | E |
| 8 | all answers | get credit | there was a problem | with the question |
| 9 | A | C | M | |
| 10 | D | D | I | E |
| 11 | B | C | M | |
| 12 | B | A | M | |
| 13 | D | C | Novel | |
| 14 | B | A | M | H |
| 15 | D | C | I | |
| 16 | B | A | M | H |
| 17 | C | D | M | E |
| 18 | C | E | I | |
| 19 | A | B | M | |
| 20 | B | A | I | |
| 21 | B | B | N | |
| 22 | A | B | N | |
In the comments, you can get blog credit if you do a "re-write" for one of the questions. You must explain which lecture the info came from, and why the right answer is right and the wrong answers were wrong. You need to pick a question that hasn't been done yet to get credit.
26 comments:
Version A: Question 8
Lecture 7
Q: A student sees the bus arrive and decides to run and catch it. Which of these is an appropriate response of the autonomic nervous system?
A: Increased action potentials in somatic neuron
(reason): the Somatic neuron takes care of the skeletal muscles. Since the body is running, there needs to be an increase in AP in order to run efficiently.
Why the other answers were wrong:
b.) the Parasympathetic NS is not on during this active stage [rest and digest].
c.) the Sympathetic NS takes care of the acceleration of the heart. If one is running, the heart is pumping faster; therefore, the AP is NOT decreasing.
d.) the Central NS does not take care of any efferent signals, it only takes in the information from sensory neurons.
Reason why i got it wrong:
the word "automatic" confused me and i crossed out both A and D because those are not part of the Automatic NS.
#4 which of the following moves potassium ions from low concentration to high concentration of sodium?
The test question is derived from lecture six focuses on the concentration of sodium and potassium.
a. Sodium potassium pump
*CORRECT ANSWER* Answer A is correct because normally from high to low concentration of potassium, two ions of potassium pump in while three ions of sodium pump out. The question asks from low to high concentration, potassium is going against the gradient.
b. Leaky potassium pump
Choice B is wrong because leaky potassium does not pump sodium.
c. Voltage-gated sodium channel
d. Voltage-gated potassium channel
Choice C and D are wrong because the positive or negative ions/charge flows freely though the sodium/potassium channel when open. Choice B, C and D are all with the gradient- high to low concentration of sodium.
I answered this wrong because I panicked because this question was familiar from the first midterm and I could not think straight. I memorized what would happen when it is high to low concentration. I was trying to remember what I answered for midterm one. Although, I understood the basic concepts from the lecture notes but was not able to think it through what would happen if the potassium goes against the gradient.
Version A: Question 14
Lecture 10
Question: After ATP binds to myosin, the ATP breaks down into ADP and phosphate. What happens because of this breakdown?
Answer: Myosin binds to actin
Reason: In stage 4 after ATP+P bind to myosin they bind to actin at 90 degree angle.
a-myosin releases from actin
this is wrong because myosin releases from actin after stage 2 and before stage 3 when the ADP+P bind to myosin. Therefore the myosin releases from actin before the ADP+P are formed.
c-Myosin pulls along actin
this is wrong because myosin pulls along actin after the ADP+P are created and after the myosin binds to the actin meaning it is not the next step after ATP--> ADP+P
The reason why I got the question wrong is because I did not fully understand the question and mixed up that myosin releases itself slightly before the ADP+P are created and I though it released itself slightly after the ATP broke down.
Version A Question #11
Which band below consists of only action?
A. A Band
B. I Band
C. H Zone
D. M Zone
The answer can be found from Lecture 9 from image c. The A Band is wrong because it is the band that is from one myosin to the next. The H zone is the space between two ends of the actin, and it is labeled zone, the word band isn't even in its name. And there is no such thing as the M zone. Therefore, B. I band is the answer. And the I Band is the space between the end and start of the myosin, therefore, there is no myosin, just actin. I accidentally marked the wrong answer, otherwise, I knew the right answer.
Version A: Question 5
Q: Repolarization of a nerve cell is characterized by:
a) Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels
b) Sodium rushing into the cell
c) Potassium rushing out of the cell
d) Closing of leaky potassium channels
The information required for this question came from lectures 6-7, but mainly from lecture 7's synaptic transmission diagram. Repolarization is when the inside cell membrane returns to negative. Answer (a) is incorrect because the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels notes the beginning of the action potential. Answer (b) is incorrect because when sodium rushes into the cell, it becomes very positive in the cell, and then depolarization occurs. Answer (d) is also incorrect because leaky potassium pumps are always open. Therefore, answer (c) is the correct answer. In repolarization of a nerve cell, potassium leaves (rushes out of the cell) and resets itself.
Version A: Question 20
Info came from Lecture 12
Q: Fat is only burned if:
a. you are sprinting
b. oxygen is present
c.anaerobic fermentation is being used up
d. you are female
A: the answer is B--> oxygen is present. Cellular respiration is fueled by glucose and fat from the body. Oxygen is present in cellular respiration so the answer is b.
Choice D (female) is wrong because it doesn't matter what gender you are...you're still going to burn fat
Choice A and C are wrong because they both relate to fermentation. Fermentation gers glucose from the glucose stored in muscles and not from burning fat. When you are sprinting, it is an anerobic exercise meaning that it has to do with fermentation so that leads to the conclusion that sprinting has nothing to do with burning fat.
Version A
Question 16
Calcium is returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum using a/n:
A.) Channel
B.) Pump
C.) Vesicle
D.) Action Potential
The answer to this question can be found in lecture 10, where the sarcomere and muscle contraction is discussed.
Answer A is correct because during the control of a muscle contraction, calcium is returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the voltage gated Calcium channel.
Answer B is incorrect because neither the sodium potassium channel nor the leaky channel allows the calcium to return to the reticulum.
Answer C is incorrect because a synaptic vesicle is already filled with molecules of Ach, not Ca+
Answer D is incorrect because an action potential is what triggers the opening of the voltage gated Calcium channel to open
Actually, the answer to question 16 is "pump." Calcium is returned to the SR using a pump.
Version A Question #19
Which method of ATP production does not use glycolysis?
A. Creatine phosphate
B. Cellular respiration
C. Fermentation
This question can be found from Lecture 11 and 12. A is correct because creatine phosphate is already in the muscle sarcoplasm, and it does not associate with glucose at all. According to lecture 12, both B and C use glycolysis to produce ATP, because they both need glucose in cell. Cellular respiration is aerobic which needs oxygen to make 30 ATP. Fermentation is anaerobic which produces lactic acid without oxygen, and it just makes 2 ATP.
Version B: Question 12
#12: Which of the following binds to calcuim?
The following information for this test question is derived from lecture 10 which covers information on actin and myosin and how calcium makes it possible for them to interact. When the sacroplasmic reticulum opens and allows for the escape of calcium, the calcium ions then bind to troponin complex which is attached to action and tropomyosin. Calcium binds to the troponin complex to pull tropomyosin away thus, binding sites on action will be exposed for myosin to to bind on and pull. Answer B) tropomyosin: which is the rope that covers up binding sites on actin is wrong because it is activated by the troponin complex. Answer C) Myosin: is wrong because myosin does not bind to calcium. Instead, it binds to the binding sites exposed on actin by tropomyosin.
Answer D) G-Actin: is wrong because G-Actin is one molecule of actin which does not bind to calcium because the troponin complex binds to it instead.
I answered this question wrong because I didn't go with my conscience and I ended up changing my answer (which was originally correct) in the end.
Version B: Question 9
Which is the cell membrane of a muscle cell?
a. Sarcoplasm
b. Sarcomere
c. Sarcolemma
d. Schwann
This information has to do with the anatomy of muscle fiber that can be found in lecture 9.
a) Sarcoplasm is incorrect because it is similar to cytoplasm in other cells.
b) Sarcomere is incorrect because it is the basic unit of myofibril that has the actin and myosin crossbridges that facilitate muscle contraction.
d) Schwann is incorrect, because a Schwann cell is merely a different kind of cell.
C) Sarcolemma is the correct answer because it is the outer layer of a muscle cell that is considered the cell membrane of a muscle cell.
I got this wrong because by bias of a seemingly easy and straight question, I misread/misunderstood what it was asking and was thinking cell membrane = cytoplasm. Therefore I had incorrectly thought a) sarcoplasm was the answer.
Version A: Question 4
Which of the following moves potassium ions from low concentration to high concentration of potassium?
a) sodium potassium pump
b) leaky potassium channel
c) voltage-gated sodium channel
d) voltage-gated potassium channel
The information on potassium ions moving from low concentration to high concentration comes from lecture 6. We had to know what each pump and channel does in order to answer the question. Choice B is wrong because a leaky potassium channel is always open and the ions randomly move from high to low concentration. Choice C is wrong because the voltage-gated sodium channel moves sodium into the cell, depolarizing it. Choice D is wrong because voltage-gated potassium channels repolarize the cells, moving potassium out of the cell. Choice A is correct because the sodium potassium pump brings the cell back into resting potential, moving the potassium ions from low concentration to high concentration.
Version A: Question 18
Lecture 11
Q: Which of the follwing binds to both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholinesterase?
a. Latrotoxin
b. Atropine
c. Sarin
d. Ephedrine
e. Botulinum
A is incorrect because it has to do with added Calcium and not Ach-esterase
B is incorrect because it can only bind to Ach-esterase when pralidoxime is present as well
C is CORRECT because Sarin binds to and blocks muscarinic and nicotinic Ach-esterase
D is incorrect because Ephedrine is a stimulant usually used for suppressing appetite and we didn't even discuss it.
E is incorrect because Botulinum blocks the vessicles from binding not Ach-esterase.
I got this question wrong because I narrowed it down to Sarin and Atropine since I knew it had to do with Sarin but I second guessed myself at the last minute since I remembered in my notes that Atropine bound to Ach-esterase but I forgot that it could only do so with Pralidoxime present as well.
Question 17
Deep brain stimulation is a relatively new treatment for:
a. Black widow spider bites
b. Grave’s disease
c. Myasthenia gravis
d. Parkinson’s disease
e. Sarin poisoning
This answer came from Lecture 11.
The correct answer is answer d. Parkinson’s disease because the treatment for it is either replacing dopamine with L-Dope or deep brain stimulation.
Answer A is wrong because when a black widow bites a human the treatments include muscle relaxants and pain killers.
Answer B is wrong because Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disorder which is similar to Myasthenia Gravis so I figured that it would need immune suppressants as well to treat it.
Answer C is wrong because the treatment for Myasthenia gravis is immune suppressants and a drug called pyridostigmine.
Answer E is wrong because the treatment for Sarin is atropine to help the parasympathetic system and pralidoxmine to help the muscles.
Version B Question #6.
Q: In the diagram shown to the right, the neurotransmiiter released is acetycholine. What kind of neuron is it?
The answer can be found in Lecture 8.
A. Adrenergic. This is a wrong answer because this is a drug that has the same effect as epinephrine. It is a receptor.
B. Cholinergic. This is the right answer. When a synapse uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter, it is described as cholinergic.
C. Nicotinic. This is wrong answer because nicotinic is a acetylcholine receptor.
D. Muscarinic is a wrong answer because this is also an acetylcholine receptor.
I got this question wrong due to my lack of knowledge in this area.
Version B: Question 18
Q: Which of the following binds to both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholinesterases?
A: Sarin
Version B: Question 18
Q: Which of the following binds to both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholinesterases?
A: (E)Sarin
reason: Lecture 11 mentioned about Sarin and how it effects both muscarinic cholinergic and acetylcholine.
Why the other answers were wrong:
(A) Latrotoxin
is wrong because it had something to do with black widow spider venom, which makes more Ca+ channels.
(B) Ephedrine
I don't remember learning this, but I know it has nothing to do with Sarin
(C) Botulinum
Botox has something to do with the docking proteins on the motor neuron.
(D) Atropine
it is one of the counter toxins that takes out Sarin. It binds to the same place that Sarin binds to.
The reason why I got it wrong:
I thought that Atropine also binds to both Acetylcholinesterase and muscarinic cholinergic because in lecture the professor said that it binds to the same place Sarin binds to and I was unclear where Sarin binds to.
Version: A Question: 12
Q: Which of the following binds to calcium?
A: [B] Troponin. This was from the Neuromuscular lecture under the section "Protein Filaments". It's a memorization question, so we had to know that calcium is needed to bind to the troponin in order for the tropomyosin to be removed.
Other Answers:
[A]: G-Actin is what the tropomyosin is covering, so the calcium cannot reach it.
[C]: The answer I chose was tropomyosin because I assumed the calcium bound to the shield itself in order to remove it. However, the calcium binds to the troponin to alter the form and to expose the G-Actin.
[D]: Myosin does not deal with calcium directly. Calcium exposes the Actin for Myosin, but the relationship ends there.
I missed this question from not being careful enough. I brought it down to B and C, but chose C since I mistook it to be the direct effect from calcium.
Version A: Question 3
Q: If the atria are contracting:
a. The AV vales are closed
b. The semilunar valves are open
c. An EKG would show a P wave
This information is from lecture 5 when we learned that a P wave is related directly to the contraction of the atria, therefore C is the correct answer.
Answer A is wrong because if the atria are contracting, the AV valves are open so that the blood can be pushed from the atria to the ventricle. Answer B is wrong because if the atria are contracting, the stage of heart contraction is atrial systole and in atrial systole the semilunar valves are closed. C is the only possible answer.
Version A: Question 13
Lecture 10:
Q: Which of the following is not a binding site on a myosin molecule?
A:
D. Site that binds to creatine phosphate.
Myosin never binds with creatine phosphate.
Why others are wrong:
A. site that binds to actin on the head.
this is how the muscle actually contracts.
B. Site that binds to ATP on the head.
ATP is part of the crossbridge cycle, and therefore necessary for muscle contraction.
C. Site that binds to another myosin on the tail.
The tails wind and link to other myosin.
Version B: Question 13
Lecture 10
Q) Which of the following is NOT a binding site on a myosin molecule?
C, "Site that binds to creatine phosphate" is the correct answer.
Myosin and creatine phosphate are not related. Creatine phosphate is involved in making ATP and reacts with ADP & P. It has nothing to do with myosin since myosin is involved with muscle contraction but not in producing ATP or energy.
A, "Site that binds to ATP on the head" was wrong because ATP does bind to the head. In the second phase of the Crossbridge cycle, ATP binds to myosin (head) and the myosin lets go of the actin.
B, "site that binds to actin on the head" was wrong because B does bind to actin on the head. Myosin head is attached to actin in the first phase of the crossbridge cycle (at 45 degree angle) and continuously after the 4th phase when myosin attaches at a 90 degree angle. Myosin head and actin attach and contract the muscle through this crossbridge cycle.
D, "site that binds to another myosin on the tail" is incorrect because myosin are attached to another myosin on the tail This can be shown by an image of the sarcomere which shows the myosin attached together. Through the myosins attachment to one another they successfully contract the muscle together.
I got this question wrong because I misread the question.
version B: Question 19
lecture: #14
Q: Which method of ATP production does not use glycolysis?
A: Creatine Phosphate uses ADP plus Phosphate to create ATP.
Why the others are wrong:
Both fermentation and Cellular Respiration are products from glycolysis. For cellular respiration, the pyruvate, created from glycolysis, goes into the mitochondria to create ATP from body fat. And in fermentation, the pyruvate created from glycoysis goes into the muscles and creates lactic acid.
The reason why I got this answer wrong:
I read the question wrong. I thought the question asked what method does not make ATP, which would be fermentation
Version A Question 18
18.Which of the following binds to both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholinersterases?
a.Laxtrotoxin
b.Atropine
c.Sarin
d.Ephedrine
e.Botulinum
Answer A is wrong because it is a symptom that occurs when you have black widow spider venom. Answer B is wrong because Atropine is the one that only reversely binds to acetylcholine sterase in order to break down sarin. Answer D has no relations to the question since it is not the one that binds to neither muscarinic nor nicotinic acetylcholinersterases. Answer E Botulinum is a bacteria that you find from the poison, botulinum toxin. therefore, the correct answer is C. Sarin. Sarin is the posion tht binds and blocks accetylcholinesterase in both muscarinic and nicotinic Ach sterases.
This material is from the lecture 11 where we discussed about the diseases of neurotransmitters and poisons.
I got this question wrong because i was confused by the question where it asked something that binds ach sterases, because i thought it was asking the treatment not the poison itself. and i didnot realize that atropine is only applicable to only one Ach sterase not both.
Version B Question 14
Question: After ATP binds to myosin, the ATP breaks down into ADP and phosphate. What happens because of this breakdown?
This information comes from lecture 10.
The answer is B Myosin binds to actin. This answer is correct because during stage four of the crossbridge cycle, myosin attatches to the next actin at a 90 degree angle. A is incorrect because myosin releases from actin in stage two after ATP binds to the myosin. C is incorrect becaue myosin pulls along actin in stage five when the phosphate falls off. I got this question wrong because I related the different steps words to different pictures on the lecture.
Version B: Question 21
21. Cardiac muscle is somewhat different than skeletal muscle, but it is safe to assume that the major source of ATP for muscle contraction is:
a. Fermentation
b. Cellular Respiration
c. Creatine Phosphate Metabolism
This information came from lecture 12 where the lecture discusses different types of ATP production such as fermentation, cellular respiration, and creatine phosphate metabolism.
The correct answer is B, cellular respiration, because cellular respiration is a process that runs with oxygen and can use glucose or fat to generate 30 ATP. A, fermentation, is incorrect because it uses the glucose stored in muscle and not fat, and runs without oxygen to generate a total of two ATP. C, Creatine Phosphate Metabolism, is incorrect because when exercising, creatine phosphate thats stored in muscle creates 1 ATP which is not an abundant supply for muscle contraction.
The reason why I got this question wrong was that I assumed that creatine phosphate metabolism produced a large amount of ATP but I failed to realize that creatine phosphate can produce ATP in a fast amount of time but not in terms of quantity that it is large. Cellular respiration on the other hand produces a great deal of ATP.
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